Abstract Purpose: The educational significance of this study lies in the fact that through the exhibition planning course for the digital beauty curriculum utilizing the metaverse platform developed herein, students can independently explore media technology and virtual spaces, communicate with each other, experience new methods and meaningful experiences, and acquire and master various digital technologies while enhancing their creativity through process-centered activities. Method: An experiment was conducted with 40 second-year beauty majors to select a digital beauty course suitable for exhibition-based project learning using the ZEPETO metaverse platform, chosen through case studies related to the research topic. The experiment aimed to explore efficient teaching methods for virtual exhibition planning courses and verify student satisfaction. Pre- and post-course satisfaction surveys were administered, and comparative analysis was performed using a paired t-test. Results: First, we selected ZEPETO among metaverse platforms to develop a new form of exhibition class free from temporal and spatial constraints. Second, a paired t-test was conducted to analyze the difference in class satisfaction between existing digital beauty education and digital education utilizing the ZEPETO metaverse. The results showed a significant improvement in post-satisfaction compared to pre-satisfaction. Third, during the metaverse experience, recreational experiences, relational experiences, and escapist experiences were found to have a significant positive (+) effect on satisfaction. Therefore, metaverse experience factors suggest they act as key elements that go beyond simply stimulating learning interest. They promote learners' social interaction, emotional connection, and autonomous participation, ultimately enhancing class satisfaction and learning outcomes. Conclusion: Therefore, future metaverse-based education requires cognitive design elements that induce educational immersion and the establishment of creative experiential environments where learners can autonomously create aesthetic value. If educational content development utilizing diverse media for new major courses continues in step with this, educational effectiveness can also be enhanced. While this study involved 40 beauty major university students and thus faces limitations in generalizing its findings to broader educational contexts, its positive results from the virtual exhibition class using a metaverse platform suggest the need for follow-up research on education utilizing diverse metaverse platforms. Keywords: Metaverse Platform, Virtual Exhibition, Teaching Methods, Experiential Factors, Satisfaction Level

Abstract Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to analyze major stress factors that should be supplemented in order for Generation Z to expand their support as beginner executives, and based on this, consider measures that the Korean military should supplement. Method: The main research analysis targets and research methods were limited to Gen Z's unenrolled college students nationwide, so a survey and SPSS analysis were used for unenrolled college students in Gangwon-do, which is a military unit concentrated area and a border area. Results: Based on the analysis of major stress factors, in this article is to derive the following measures to improve the Korean military to expand support for beginner executives for Generation Z. First, it is the most important to increase the remuneration of beginner executives. Generation Z judged that beginner executives were paid less than other government and social organizations with the same working conditions. Second, it is considered an important value for military organizations to ensure growth conditions and prepare for the creation of beginner executives. Third, preventive measures should be guaranteed for command measures that are out of the regulations of the commander. Fourth, measures to reduce the responsibilities and obligations of beginner executives must be steadily sought. Conclusion: There has been no significant difference from the stressors and improvement measures of beginner executives that have been raised in our military, but it has become clear that it is urgent to supplement the system and come up with measures to revitalize the support of beginner executives of Generation Z and make them a rewarding service. The government should focus on improving and supplementing the working and work environment of beginner executives in order to foster strong national security and strong military development in the era of ultra-low fertility, and to build an early AI-based complex system. Keywords: Generation Z, Analysis of Stressors, Improvement of Service Conditions for Beginner Executives, Realization of Conservatives, Development of Strong Forces

Abstract Purpose: As long as the state maintains a presidential system of government, the approach must be from the perspective of national security, not solely for the personal safety of the president. To achieve this, a layered security system involving overlapping agencies—such as the presidential security agency, police, and military—is crucial. However, some countries argue that the police should replace the presidential security agency directly under the president. In this study, we propose five structural analyses to explain why this claim is incorrect, focusing on the case of Korea. Method: This study is an English-language extension of a paper published in Korean, and expands on the critical discourse on the transfer of presidential security services to the police, which was presented in an exploratory manner in the original Korean paper, with a case study as the basis. Results: This study first examines the history of the Korean presidential security service from its inception to the present, examining the evolution of the "Presidential Security Service" and the "National Police" as the dedicated presidential security agencies. Second, it examines the overlapping security arrangements within Korean presidential security, including security areas, distances from security targets, and responsible agencies. Third, it examines the electronic warfare threats posed by cutting-edge technologies like drones, driven by the Fourth Industrial Revolution, to the presidential security service. Fourth, it analyzes the characteristics of security systems in different countries, based on their political systems: "presidential" and "cabinet" systems. In the Korean case, it categorizes security duties into "personal security," "personal protection," and "personal protection." It also presents the typology of terrorist organizations that pose threats to the president. Conclusion: This study analyzed five structural factors that make presidential security unsuitable for the police. First, the overlapping security system, divided into the Presidential Security Service, the National Police Agency, and the Capital Defense Command, must be maintained. Second, the police's primary responsibility is domestic security, making it difficult to effectively respond to threats linked to foreign countries, which are essential for presidential security. Third, presidential security is operated as a form of military operation rather than a matter of public security, making it difficult for the police to take the lead in presidential security. Fourth, if the police were to exclusively handle presidential security, it would be based on the Police Officers' Duties Execution Act, which mandates that officers prioritize their own safety while performing security duties. This, however, is not legally appropriate. Fifth, security and secrecy are crucial for presidential security, and the police's budget is public and recruitment channels are extensive, making it somewhat incompatible with the security-focused task of presidential security. Keywords: Presidential Security, Police, Military, Operations, Presidential System

Abstract Purpose: In Korea, semi-permanent makeup has become a key sector in the beauty industry, recognized as a form of makeup that complements the limitations of traditional tattooing. Demand for semi-permanent makeup services is expected to increase further as the medical beauty market and its application expand to a wider range of age groups. For a long time, the Korean semi-permanent makeup and tattoo-related service industries remained in a legal limbo due to insufficient institutional and legal regulations. However, with the recent passage of the Tattoo Act by the National Assembly, tattooing and semi-permanent makeup procedures are expected to be formally legislated and regulated within the next two years. Semi-permanent makeup is characterized by its delicate and invasive nature, and its institutionalization is leading to an increasing demand for certification and retraining. Therefore, systematic training and evaluation are essential. Against this backdrop, the development of a standardized and systematic training program to cultivate professional semi-permanent makeup practitioners is a critical and urgent task. Method: The NCS-based educational program for semi-permanent makeup proposed in this study was designed based on practical field requirements and was systematically researched and structured to establish its conceptual framework, development domains, and development components. First, a literature review was conducted on 81 master’s theses, 14 doctoral dissertations, and relevant monographs related to semi-permanent makeup. In addition, the concept of the National Competency Standards (NCS), NCS competency units and elements in the beauty field, and the learning module system were examined. Second, to develop the competency unit elements of an NCS-based educational program for semi-permanent makeup, a Delphi survey was conducted in three rounds with 20 field experts who possessed between 3 and over 20 years of professional experience in semi-permanent makeup. Results: Through the third round of the Delphi survey, 18 NCS competency units and 59 competency unit elements were derived to facilitate application to learning modules. These competency units included an overview and definition of semi-permanent makeup, skin and scalp, hygiene management, infection control and disinfection, pre- and post-procedure management, history and trends of makeup, basic makeup drawing, semi-permanent makeup design, color theory, pigments, equipment, equipment-based design techniques, field application, corrective methods for improper procedures, use of pain relief agents, customer management, business management, and educational feedback. Conclusion: In a field where prior research on semi-permanent makeup remains limited, this study—developed through the systematic elicitation of expert opinions—is expected to serve as foundational data for training professional semi-permanent makeup practitioners and for the advancement of the beauty industry. Keywords: Semi-Permanent Makeup, NCS-Based Education Program, Competency Unit Elements, Delphi Method, Regulations

Abstract Purpose: This study focuses on "Health Qigong", a traditional Eastern mind-body training method, as a solution to the problem of hyper-aging faced by Korean society. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of Health Qigong for healthy aging and propose specific non-face-to-face program implementation strategies. Method: This study analyzed previous research findings using triangulation to determine inter-rater agreement. The data collection primarily focused on research papers on Health Qigong and healthy aging published in the Korea Citation Index (KCI) within the past 10 years (2015-2025). For policy data analysis, the "Non-medical Healthcare Service Guidelines and Casebook" published by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare was analyzed to assess its applicability. Results: The study identified the anticipated advantages and disadvantages of a non-face-to-face Health Qigong program and proposed a Health Qigong program to strengthen intrinsic capacity. Furthermore, a detailed implementation strategy and evaluation indicators, applying a non-medical healthcare service model, and a specific safety training manual for the Health Qigong program were developed. Conclusion: Health Qigong can be safely applied within non-medical healthcare service guidelines. In particular, it is understood that non-face-to-face implementation of health information verification, prevention and management consultation, training goal setting, training implementation and monitoring, feedback, and adjustments is feasible. To ensure future sustainability, a cultural approach should be developed that integrates with the healthy pleasure trend and fosters a perception of Health Qigong as a fun and sustainable lifestyle habit for older adults, rather than a forced exercise. Keywords: Health Qigong, Non-Face-to-Face, Intrinsic Capabilities, Active Seniors, Strengthen

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze occupational health risks associated with ammonia inhalation exposure among beauty industry workers and to propose integrated safety management strategies. Although ammonia-based products are frequently used in small, enclosed beauty salons, systematic occupational health assessments remain insufficient. This study therefore examines the physiological effects of ammonia exposure and identifies practical control measures, including engineering controls and standardized operating procedures(SOPs). Method: A comprehensive literature review and case analysis of epidemiological studies on ammonia exposure in the hairdressing industry were conducted. International safety standards from organizations such as ACGIH and NIOSH were reviewed alongside toxicological data on respiratory and mucosal effects. In addition, current work-place practices in beauty salons were analyzed to identify gaps between existing guidelines and actual field conditions, particularly regarding ventilation and personal protective equipment. Results: The analysis indicated that chronic inhalation of ammonia in poorly ventilated environments is associated with respiratory disorders such as chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function. While acute mucosal irritation is well documented, long-term exposure presents an elevated risk of occupational asthma among stylists. Many salons were found to lack localized exhaust ventilation and adequate chemical-resistant protective equipment, under-scoring deficiencies in current safety practices. Conclusion: Mitigating ammonia exposure in the beauty industry requires an integrated approach combining engineering controls, worker education, and institutionalized safety policies. The implementation of localized exhaust ventilation(LEV) and clear SOPs is essential for reducing inhalation risks. Regular safety training to improve hazard awareness is also critical. These measures provide a foundational framework for promoting sustainable and healthy working environments in the beauty industry. Keywords: Ammonia Exposure, Hairdressing Industry, Occupational Health Risks, Respiratory Irritation, Safety Management

Abstract Purpose: This study aims to identify the structural relationships between ecological resources and visitor pressure across 29 provincial parks in Korea. The analysis further seeks to compare characteristics across park types and derive management implications based on identified patterns. Given the wide variation in resource conditions and limited existing research, an integrated evaluation of ecological value and visitor infrastructure was required. Method: Excluding one DMZ-adjacent park, 29 provincial parks were classified into four types—mountain, urban, coastal, and wetland. Indicators of ecological resources and visitor pressure were compiled and analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation analysis. This approach enabled a comprehensive assessment of re-source distributions, inter-type differences, and structural linkages among variables. Results: Mountain-type parks exhibited the highest levels of ecological richness and visitor infrastructure, while coastal and wetland parks showed comparatively lower values. Strong positive correlations were identified among major indicators, including plant–animal species richness, trail length–segment count, and budget–staff capacity. These findings indicate that resources, use, and management systems operate in interdependent rather than isolated forms. Conclusion: Ecological resources and visitor pressure differed significantly across park types, and clear structural linkages were observed among indicators. These results suggest the need for differentiated, type-specific management strategies rather than uniform approaches. Integrated systems connecting budget, staffing, and facilities were found to be essential for efficient park management. Keywords: Provincial Parks, Ecological Resources, Visitor Pressure, Park Management, Correlation Analysis

Abstract Purpose: As artificial intelligence(AI) has currently used in many ways related to nurses, there is an ultimate need to consider the ethical values of AI in healthcare. Thus, the present study first investigates several types of AI-based technologies and robotics applied to nursing, such as supportive, cooperative, and collaborative robots. Moreover, several ethical guidelines and requirements for AI, ethical issues and concerns of AI, especially nursing ethical considerations, are explored based on the principles of biomedical ethics and the nursing code of ethics. Method: We searched for existing scientific literature using the keywords “AI or Robot or Nurses”, “AI or Robot and Ethics” in PubMed until March 2022. Next, we reviewed the articles related to ethical issues and considerations in AI-based technologies, especially in the field of healthcare. In addition, a web-based search about robotics in nursing was conducted to find out their specific roles. Results: The direction of ethical discussion of AI has changed from Roboethics, which emphasizes robot’s behavior and the responsibility of robots, to ethics for humans, such as developers and users. There are many ways AI is helping to overcome health care challenges, such as diagnosis, precision medicine, and prediction models. For the safety of human-robot interaction, ethics of caring need to be discussed in close proximity for nurses, patients, or both. Therefore, AI needs to consider patient safety first, do no harm and aggravate the patient’s condition, sufficiently provide to treat diseases and improve patients’ health conditions, and the service needs to be distributed equally without prejudice and discrimination regardless of medical problems. Conclusion: As AI has incredible potential to empower people and widely benefit current and future generations, AI ethics needs to be further discussed in a direction in harmony with the development of related industries. Nurses should understand AI applications and their implications for nursing research and practice to improve patient care and clinical outcome. In addition, careful ethical considerations and engagement with nurses in implementing and evaluating AI-based technologies in healthcare are critical to the best clinical decisions and developing reliable innovations. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence(AI), Roboethics, Biomedical Ethics, Morality, Nursing Codes of Ethics

Abstract Purpose: In the name of fear and prevention of corona infection, human society is branded as an infected individual or group. In serious infectious disease situations, the scapegoat of transferring tension and fear to some members of the community can cause dissociation and cultural trauma. The scapegoat violence, which is blamed for the expectation of collective psychological purification, lives in an era of confusion that requires a healthy alternative. Therefore, in this situation, this study aims to examine the implications of human and psychological trauma to us from a historical point of view. Method: Modern times, violence that eludes and condemns some members because of the expectation of collective psychological cleanup is living in an era of confusion that requires healthy alternatives. This study is to examine previous studies and data related to trauma and to suggest the implications of trauma phenomenon in the pandemic era. Results: We are part of a post-trauma society, as is society, where individuals and societies who have experienced violence and trauma are overwhelmed by fear. It is undoubtedly true that the Pandemic era increases the frequency and intensity of depression and anxiety in humans, as it causes “group trauma” in many people. Personal trauma is an emotional wound that begins with a shocking event that occurred to one person or a small number of people. On the other hand, collective trauma is a trauma that occurs because of the shock of society as a whole, not an individual or a small number. Trauma is widely understood as a variety of psychological and spiritual wounds in large and small forms experienced in everyday life. If this concept of broadness is premised, trauma can happen to anyone, anytime, anywhere, in various contexts of life. After the fall of mankind, constant war, natural disasters and talent, terrorism, and social oppression have left untouchable scars on many people. The core of trauma relief(therapy) is to restore the relationship through the recovery of broken communication, and it is necessary to provide in-depth support with interest at the national level. In addition, it is necessary to approach trauma from a phenomenological point of view and to make it possible to understand the victim more generally considering the sociocultural context intertwined with the complex life and experience of the victim experiencing trauma as a de-evidence paradigm. Conclusion: This study suggests implications for the meaning of social human and psychological trauma to us in the current Pandemic situation and also it is expected to be a basic foundation for in-depth papers that can lead to follow-up studies. Keywords: Trauma, Pandemic, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Trauma Therapy, Phenomenological Approach

Abstract Purpose: The economic crimes targeting an unspecified majority are beyond imagination in terms of economic development and the extent of their damages incurred. Among the typical examples is the crime of unlawful fund raising. Despite the continuous crackdowns and punishments at the pan-government level, it threatens the economy of the commoners. The most unlawful fund raising companies are not subject to financial supervision, yet promise to pay a fixed interest rate or high dividends several dozen times larger than the financial institutions as a bait of high returns. However, there is no source of income, and it is just a ‘Ponzi scheme’ which preserves the profits of existing investors with the investment of new investors. This is a method through which the unlawful fund raising companies guarantee the principal and interest from an unspecified number of people without authorization, permission, registration, or reporting. Furthermore, defrauding multi-level investment by paying referral allowances or commissions when introducing sub-investors is a typical behavior of the unlawful fund raising crimes. Method: This study reviews previous studies through the literature study, and examines the actual situation via the empirical studies along with theoretical review of unlawful fund raising act, which is deceived by high returns, and deceptive behavior through multi-stage investment. Results: This study based on the gravity of the crime of unlawful fund raising, the latest trends in the crime types including the impersonation of financial companies and virtual currencies are analyzed. Sanctions against those who engage in an unlawful fund raising act should be strengthened, and good traders should be protected. Conclusion: Furthermore, the gravity of punishment in the deterrence theory for the crime prevention is presented as a theoretical grounds. As a measure to prevent damages, it is necessary to raise the criminal punishment, and introduce punitive damages and a special judicial police officer system. Keywords: Unlawful Fund Raising, Financial Crime, Investment Fraud, Deterrence Theory, Ponzi Scheme